Indian Removal Essays - Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, Choctaw

Indian Removal INTRODUCTION On May 26, 1830, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed by the Twenty-First Congress of the United states of America. After four months of strong debate, Andrew Jackson signed the bill into law. Land greed was a big reason for the federal government's position on Indian removal. This desire for Indian lands was also abetted by the Indian hating mentallity that was peculiar to some American frontiersman. This period of forcible removal first started with the Cherokee Indians in the state of Georgia. In 1802, the Georgia legislature signed a compact giving the federal government all of her claims to western lands in exchange for the government's pledge to extigiush all Indian titles to land within the state. But by the mid-1820's Georgians began to doubt that the government would withhold its part of the bargain. The Cherokee Indian tribes had a substantial part of land in Georgia that they had had for many generations though. They were worried about losing their land so they forced the issue by adopting a written constitution. This document proclaimed that the Cherokee nation had complete jurisdiction over its own territory. But by now Indian removal had become entwined with the state of Georgia's rights and the Cherokee tribes had to make their claims in court. When the Cherokee nation sought aid from newly elected president Andrew Jackson, he informed them that he would not interfere with the lawful prerogatives of the state of Georgia. Jackson saw the solution of the problem with the removal of the Cherokee tribes to lands west. This would keep contact between Indians and colonists rare. He suggested that laws be past so that the Indians would have to move west of the Mississippi river. Similar incidents happened between the other "civilized" tribes and white men. The Seminole tribe had land disputes with the state of Florida. The Creek Indians fought many battles against the federal army so they could keep their land in the states of Alabama and Georgia. The Chickisaw and Choctaw had disputes with the state of Mississippi. To ensure peace the government forced these five tribes called the Five Civilized Tribes to move out of their lands that they had lived on for generations and to move to land given to them in parts of Oklahoma. Andrew Jackson was quoted as saying that this was a way of protecting them and allowing them time to adjust to the white culture. This land in Oklahome was thinly settled and was thought to have little value. Within 10 years of the Indian Removal Act, more than 70,000 Indians had moved across the Mississippi. Many Indians died on this journey. "The Trails of Tears" The term "Trails of Tears" was given to the period of ten years in which over 70,000 Indians had to give up their homes and move to certain areas assigned to tribes in Oklahoma. The tribes were given a right to all of Oklahoma except the Panhandle. The government promised this land to them "as long as grass shall grow and rivers run." Unfortunately, the land that they were given only lasted till about 1906 and then they were forced to move to other reservations. The Trails of Tears were several trails that the Five civilized Tribes traveled on their way to their new lands. Many Indians died because of famine or disease. Sometimes a person would die because of the harsh living conditions. The tribes had to walk all day long and get very little rest. All this was in order to free more land for white settlers. The period of forcible removal started when Andrew Jackson became Presidentin 1829. At that time there was reported to be sightings of gold in the Cherokee territory in Georgia which caused prospectors to rush in, tearing down fences and destroying crops. In Mississippi, the state laws were extended over Choctaw and Chickisaw lands, and in 1930 the Indians were made citizens which made it illegal to hold any tribal office. Also in Georgia, the Cherokee tribes were forbade to hold any type of tribal legislature except to ratify land cessions, and the citzens of Georgia were invited to rob and plunder the tribes in their are by making it illegal for an Indian to bring suit against a white man. When President Jackson began to negotiate with the Indians, he

Data From A Distillation Lab essays

Data From A Distillation Lab essays The focus of the experiment conducted was to extract a component (ethanol) from a two part miscible solution (ethanol boiling points through a process called fractional distillation. Precise measurements were taken to assess the purity and percentage of the distillate collected. The process of fractional distillation extracted the ethanol through a series of cyclical evaporation and condensation processes and proved to be effective , yielding a ethanol distillate percentage of 90%. This index provided an analysis of the quality of separation achieved. Distillation is a process of refinement. A method in which a substance is extracted and purified from its solution. Fractional distillation, an extension of the simple distillation process is complex in nature and requires much more than one simple evaporation technique. An overview of fractional distillation and its practicality is related to temperature. In simple distillation the liquid components that are to be extracted vary in boiling point temperature (Celsius)by at least 25 degrees. The more volati le liquid with the lower bp is ideal for extracti on in these circumstances and will evaporate more readily and proficiently than that of the The question is with that being said, is how do we purify a component from its mixture when the bp is less than 25 degress C? How will this be done in an efficient manner and how will this be done to yield the highest results? The process of simple distillation is neither profici ent or efficient in this situation. It would require a distillation head the size of the empire state building and exhaustive measures to c...

Letter to an Editor of the Campus Newspaper Essay

Letter to an Editor of the Campus Newspaper - Essay Example This project stresses that online education is a great equalizer. For the first time in the history of human civilization, technology has made it possible to do away with the biases and prejudices shadowing the education system. Online education is an approach towards education that defies all barriers of social status, gender, ethnicity, physical ability, cognitive ability, etc. The biggest advantage with the online education is that it gives the sidelined and the underprivileged sections of the society the virtual space where they can pursue their academic goals, while safeguarding their distinct though sometimes vulnerable personal identity. It is a student centric approach towards education that is pliable and adaptive and gives every student a chance to pursue education as per one’s abilities and resources. It does not require a student to be present at a particular place at a particular time. It also does not require a student to academically perform as per some straight jacketed standards and limitations of time and space. This paper makes a conclusion that online education has once and for all shattered the hegemony of the traditional education system. One cannot say that online education will totally replace the conventional education system. Online education is a mode of instruction that is distinctly democratic in its scope and ramifications.

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Communication - Essay Example With all that background of music and dancing and my unending passion for it, I opted to visit the town of San Francisco, Japan town for the celebratory concert of the â€Å"Japan Day Festival & Bon Odori.† I figured out that this would be the perfect subculture to observe. Every community has rituals and traditions that are cultural whereby the members of an â€Å"ethnic, religious, national, or racial community,† engage in some norms that would bring out their customary heritage. These rituals or traditions could include customary practices, religious celebrations and national holidays among others that are passed on from one generation to another. â€Å"Bon-Odori,† is simply a Japanese ritual event in which a dance (Odori) is held during Obon. Conversing with a friend I met over the festival, I realized that although there were a couple of reasons that the Japanese uphold in celebrating this festival, the prime cause for celebrating this festival was to receive spirits and send them off again. It is however worth noting that the religious aspect of the event has been mostly lost (Hori, Ichiro & Kitagawa 138). Therefore in the present days, the dance is usually held as an episode that will liven up the summer festivals. The festival was set to begin as from around noon, running all the way to around 10 o’clock at night. This family friendly event featured the performances from various Japanese and international musicians and artists such as Bay Area’s leading performers in taiko, martial arts, koto and many others that created maximum entertainment throughout the festival. In addition, complimenting all the music and dancing, was a collection of Japanese and Chinese traditional delicacies, which served as an ultimate ingredient to a precisely successful musical and cultural event. The day’s weather in San Francisco seemed to be in

Microsoft words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microsoft words - Essay Example The 5 year financial projection of the company on the basis of following growth estimates are shown below: The inflation is expected to decline gradually and by the second quarter of 2017 it is expected that inflation will turn negative. This will reduce lending and borrowing rates which will enable the manufacturing companies to leverage returns by employing debt capital. The population is expected to increase in a predictable linear trend pattern which is good for manufacturing industry. This is because higher population will create higher demand for goods and services. The graph depicted above forecasts Information Technology & Communications expenditure. The graph reveals as to why European telecommunication networks and services are the backbone of Europe’s developing technology sector. Increased expenditure in this sector will encourage manufacturing industry to use modern technology in the manufacturing process. This market size is an indication of developing political, legal and economic factors of the country. Increasing Operating cost is the most critical issue in any business and in order to increase profitability, this needs to be controlled. One can consider manufacturing in domestic market of UK because of the political factors that are currently aimed at reviving lost market demand after recession. For instance, the UK government has planned to strengthen the existing supply chain network in UK which would create and preserve over 15,000 jobs in manufacturing industry. The rationale is that by boosting manufacturing sector and creating more jobs, the economy will accelerate out of recession. A joint industry and government investment in form of public-private partnership aims to strengthen advanced supply chain in UK by investing over  £200 million (Schutte, 2013). When one conducts a cost-benefit analysis for setting up a manufacturing base in UK the company has to perceive the investment decision keeping in mind the

Evaluate Kodaks Position In Traditional Photography Media Essay

Evaluate Kodaks Position In Traditional Photography Media Essay In 1880, George Eastman invented the first camera which uses a dry-plate formula and also a machine to make these plates (Gavetti et al, 2005). George established Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New York. The dry plate technology was later replaced by film rolls named as Kodak. In 1888, Kodak Company introduced the camera with the tag line, You press the button we do the rest'(Gavetti et al, 2005). The main goals of company to be successful were to mass produce at low cost, worldwide distribution, aggressive advertising, customers need oriented and continuous RD. In the article Kodak and the digital revolution by G. Gavetti, R. Henderson and S. Georgi, Eastman quoted that, Nothing is more important than the value of our name and the quality it stands for. We must make quality our fighting argument. Kodak used the razor blade model for the business and sold out cameras at cheaper price, while the cost of film and developing was higher. Kodak developed color films in 1921 and was first introduced for consumers in 1963. By the end of 1967, Kodak holds 90% of film making and 85% of camera sales (Gavetti et al, 2005). In 1981, Sony Corporation introduced the first digital camera named Mavica. Kodak had this technology before Sony launched it, but they were afraid of cannibalization of the silver halide technology. Fuji Film came in to market with a 400 speed color film and low cost photographic papers. It was the official sponsor of Olympics 1984. By the end of 1993, Fuji acquired 21% of worldwide market (Gavetti et al, 2005). In 1993, Kodak hired Fisher as the new CEO of the Company. Fisher changed the razor blade business model to network and consumables model. Fisher tried to change the way of thinking at Kodak Company but it did not worked. Later, Fisher was replaced by Former General Manager of Kodak Canada, Daniel Carp. Carp resumed with the same business model. Kodak now excelled in cameras, online services and image printing at kiosk or inkjet printers. Evaluate Kodaks position in traditional photography. Why has the company historically been so successful? In 1885, Eastman established Kodak with the aim of producing a user friendly product. The slogan did the thing of marketing for the company, i.e. You click the button we do the rest.'(Gavetti et al, 2005). The company was very successful and there were literary no competitors to them. Kodak believed in quality and customer need satisfaction. Kodaks marketing strategy kept the customers away from switching to other cheaper brands. The razor blade model helped the company to fetch profits from films and image processing. The introduction of color imaging lagged the competitors far behind. To conclude, during 1970s, Kodak was very successful because of continuous innovation, customer satisfaction and aggressive marketing. This allowed Kodak to setup a standard barrier for other companies to enter the market. Compare traditional and digital imaging. What are the main structural differences? How have value creation and appropriation changed in digital relative to traditional photography. Traditional imaging used silver halide technology while digital imaging used electronic image sensors. Both these technologies are different from the technological point and also in structure and organization of company. In the traditional imaging, films were the only means of storage and Kodak had mastered in that field. While in the digital technology, as the barriers can be easily overcome, there were many new entrants in the market like Fuji and Sony. Digital imaging led to a fast change in the market. The prices fall drastically and customers now need more complementary resources. This new technology was more based on horizontal structure of the company rather than vertical. This led to a complete change in the organization of the company. Companies developed the habit of first mover policy for a particular segment of supply chain. Customers were provided with different complementary resource and continuous improvement in the technology created appropriate value for the company. Thus, digital imaging has led to segmentation of customers based on prices, quality of images, user friendliness and type of storage. Each company should focus on a particular segment and try to maximize its appropriation and thereby the profit margins. Evaluate Kodaks response to Sonys introduction of Mavica in 1981. Kodak used the Razor Blade model in the business of cameras and image processing. They sold cameras at cheaper price and obtained high profits for films and image processing. Kodak earned its profits from film and not from cameras. This model was successful for Kodak and they earned $1 billion in 1962 and captured 85% of the USA camera market(Gavetti et al, 2005). Kodak was recognized for its quality and people preferred Kodak over low cost other brands. In 1981, Sony introduced Mavica, a filmless camera. It stored images in a floppy disk and these images can be seen directly on TV sets. Kodak was afraid of cannibalism of its silver halide technology. The profit margin of silver halide technology was at least 50% more compared to digital imaging. So Kodak decided to continue with the traditional photography. Later Kodak was threatened by the digital photography and so they decided to diversify their business in fields like pharmaceutics, clinical diagnostics and mass storage. This led Kodak away from its core business of photography. Kodak also invested in the digital imaging technology but majority of business was still focused on film photography. Kodaks response to Sonys introduction of Mavica was inappropriate. Kodak management was very much engaged in the traditional photography that they ignored the threat of digital imaging. According to Porters five forces, 1) Rivals like Fuji and Sony were increasing market share by introducing cheap and differentiated products from Kodak. Rivalry is the biggest threat to any company. 2) Other substitutes like mobile phones with camera and camcorders were introduced by other companies. 3) Consumers were moving towards digital cameras were they can save money on printing. Instead of continuing with the traditional photography and looking for higher profits, Kodak should have moved on with new technologies to gain an edge over rivals as they were already holding a large amount of market share. Fisherss Attempt to transform Kodak. In 1993, Kodak replaced Whitmore by hiring George Fisher. Fisher was former CEO of Motorola. Fisher misjudged Kodak as an imaging company and not a film making company. Fisher wanted Kodak to focus on imaging rather than diversified business. Fisher closed most of the diversified business like pharmaceuticals and chemical industry. Fisher helped Kodak to reduce the cost of production by developing joint ventures in China. Fisher also tried to re organize the company and rethink how to expand Kodaks market. Fisher wanted Kodak to make profits in hardware like Motorola and so he developed costly digital cameras which were unsuccessful due to high competition. Fisher had worked in an environment where people argue with each other and make the decision more effective. While Kodak was the company where people were trained to take orders from top management and never argue about it. Thus fishers attempt to make Kodak like Motorola has failed as Kodak is not a hardware company but a service company. Moreover, employees of Kodak were not accustomed to argue with the top management in making decisions. Kodaks current position in Digital imaging. Initially when Kodak entered the market in 1888, their business model was razor blade model. They started selling cameras at cheaper price and earned profits from films and image development. During the era of traditional photography, Kodak earned huge profits from making films and chemicals for image development. After the development of 1st digital camera by Sony in 1981, the market for traditional film photography started shrinking. Kodak took long time before they entered in the digital imaging market. Thats the reason they came down to position 3 in the industry behind Fuji and Nikon (plunkett). Today, Kodaks business is divided in 3 major segments namely, Graphic communication group (GCG), consumer digital imaging group (CDG) and film, photofinishing and entertainment group (FPEG). Sales of 2009 have decreased compared to 2008 due to economic slowdown. Over 2008, Kodaks 2009 GCG sales decreased by 18%, CDG by 15% and FPEG by 25%. Position of Kodak, had they adopted digital imaging strategy in 80s and 90s. The digital imaging era began in 1981, when Sony launched the 1st filmless camera to the market. During this period, Kodak ignored the change in the market and kept on going with the traditional imaging. The company was looking for profits and forgot to consider the future trends. During 1980s, Whitmore tried to diversify the company to various unrelated business. If they had not invested in all those industries and invested in digital imaging, the scenario would be completely different. Kodaks view of digital imaging in 1980s as photo CD was also a disaster. They spend millions of dollars in developing this project and finally end up distributing to the wrong segment of customers. Fishers idea of concentrating on core business was good, and he paid off debts by selling the unrelated business. But he failed to restructure the company as digital imaging company. His idea of Kodak as hardware Company was a blunder as Kodak was good at services rather than hardware production. All this events led Kodak away from the core profitable business of imaging. It allowed rival industries to get ahead in terms of sales and market share. Fuji is making out profits by developing large number of minilabs across the world.

Huckleberry Finn :: Mark Twain

Journey Adventure or Other In the novel Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain two unlikely people end up sharing fond memories. A runaway juvenile named Huckleberry Finn and a runaway slave named Jim go on an adventure that will give them everlasting memories. Traveling down the river was more than an exciting and amusing adventure for both Huck and Jim. A perfect example of Huck and Jim’s relationship is. â€Å"When we was ten foot off Tom whispered to me, and wanted to tie Jim to the tree for fun. But I said no. (Chap2 twain)† Early in the book you can see the respect Huck gives Jim though he is a runaway slave. This sign of respect no matter how minor builds for their relationship in the book. â€Å"†¦ Why ain’t this nigger put up at auction and sold?†(Chap6 twain) From early on Huck heard his father curse about and denounce slaves and surprisingly Huck did not take on the same attitude. â€Å"Jim wont ever forgit you, Huck, you’s de bes’ fren’ Jim’s ever had, en you’s de only fren’ ole Jims got now.†(Chap16 twain) At this point Jim has put his guard down and allowed him self to trust a white man and actually call him a friend. This is dramatic because Huck is plotting to turn Jim in to â€Å"bounty hunters†. â€Å"†¦ I’m a-trying to steal out of slavery†¦ Jim†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Chap33 twain) At this point in the story Jim and Huck have developed a deep friendship and have proven how much both didn’t and how much they thought they knew about each other. Huck and Jim both have a lot to lose. Jim has his and his family’s future on the line while Huck will lose a great friend and have to go back to his abusive father. â€Å"Before night they judged it was done by a runaway nigger named Jim.†(Chap11 twain) Jim has been accused of murder and the fact that he is a runaway slave will make his punishment worst if it is not death. If Jim is caught he will lose his chance to be free and see his family. â€Å"So he said courts mustn’t interfere and separate families if they couldn’t help it, said he’d druther not take a child away from its father.

College Athletes Should be paid Essay

Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athlet es the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship could set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny) College Athletes Should Be Paid Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athletes the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship could set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny) College Athletes Should Be Paid Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athlet es the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship could set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny) College Athletes Should Be Paid Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athletes the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship c ould set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny) College Athletes Should Be Paid Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athlet es the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship could set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny) College Athletes Should Be Paid Today, professional sports are no longer just fun and games like they used to be, they are a business. And college sports are the same. High-level college sports provide a majority of a universities’ income. From ticket sales to television contracts, universities are making millions from their sports. And while this is all happening, the athletes are receiving a scholarship and little more. Although a full ride to college may be nothing to complain about; when the situation is more closely examined it is realized that for some athletes, that isn’t enough. If universities are making millions of dollars off of their superstar’s jersey, then he should be entitled to some of those earnings. That money is rightfully his or hers and college athletes deserve the money that they earn through their hard work and dedication just as the professionals do. College athletes need to be paid because the universities are using their talent for money opportunities, for some athlet es the pros isn’t guaranteed, and an injury on a sport scholarship could set some up for failure. The biggest controversy with all the revenue â€Å"The NCAA is a multi-billion dollar industry that generated over $845 billion last year due to their players’ ability to entertain and perform to their fullest extent at all times.†(Sonny)

Review of Nuclear Battery Technology Essay

Review of Nuclear Battery Technology Essay Review of Nuclear Battery Technology Essay Example Review of Nuclear Battery Technology Essay Example The Role of Nuclear Battery for Smartphones In smart phones, batteries play a major role in providing power. Scientists as well as technology firms are continually looking for means to better the life of these batteries and their efficiency. The University of Missouri lately came up with a more efficient nuclear battery that is long lasting. This battery is capable of running several applications including a space flight. They also act as a reliable energy source in automobiles. Search for alternative sources of energy has made scientists indulge in extensive research in almost all fields to gather information on how to tackle the challenge of battery life of batteries used in various devices such as phones and laptops and come up with ones that are more efficient than the existing chemical batteries. The basic idea the researchers have been developing is that instead of consuming or utilizing the power in a battery`s chemical gradient, for instant in Lithium batteries, to employ the energy emitted by the decaying of isotopes of radioactive elements in a natural manner to generate energy. These batteries are referred to as nuclear batteries. Problem definition Nuclear batteries in smartphones emit radiation and in case of a leakage they can cause cancer and even death. For example, the gamma rays which have intense, penetrating power can only be checked with the introduction of a large lead lump; otherwise, cancer is inevitable. The casing is done to reduce radiation in smartphones, and it is done using the materials mentioned. Another possible disadvantage (though it is not common) is that terrorists may use the Strontium-90 to develop dirty bombs even though the substance is very expensive. Radiation protection principles presume that any radiation dose, no matter how small it might seem to be, can harm a person. Nuclear batteries are lighter than other ones, however, they can provide energy for smartphones, and they are much smaller in size as well as more efficient as other batteries. Nuclear batteries also have sufficient energy density. The radioisotope that is an example of nuclear energy can supply energy density that is approximately six orders of magnitude more than the batteries manufactured using chemical substances. Betavoltaic chipsets that are also nuclear batteries are commercially available and are of high demand due to low voltage. They are also amp products for the niche markets such as the military. Betavoltaic batteries generate power from beta radiations rather than photons. These beta radiations are high power electrons emitted by radioactive elements. Several commercial uses of nuclear technologies exist today, for example, fire control detectors and emergency exits in many buildings. Lithium-ion batteries have an aging problem, which becomes evident one year after the purchase and the manufacturers always go silent about this. It always happens whether the battery is in use or kept idle. Another disadvantage of lithium-ion batteries is that they are regarded as not completely mature since the chemicals and metals vary on a continuous basis. They need a protection circuit to preserve the voltage as well as the current within some safe limits . Natural Li is converted into isotopic clear 6Li. The merits of performing this task are the fact that thermal neutron combination of the cross-section is multiple of magnitude order larger than the natural Li cross-section implying that researchers can evaluate factual manufacturing methods and techniques. Functional requirements Terms such as atomic battery, nuclear battery and radioisotope and tritium generator are employed to depict devices that use energy produced from decaying of the radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Conversion method is divided into thermal and non-thermal one. Thermal converters consist of the thermionic and thermoelectric kinds of generators. Their output energy is always a function of a temperature difference. Non-thermal converters output of power is not a function of a temperature difference. It extracts a portion of power as it is degraded into the heat energy instead of using the thermal power to run electrons in the circle. Atomic batteries in most cases have an efficiency of between 0.1 to 5%. High efficiency beta voltaics have an efficiency of 6-8%. Thermal converters are classified into a thermionic converter that includes a hot electrode that emits electrons in a thermionic manner over a potential power barrier to a relatively cool form of an electrode and produce valuable electric energy output. Cesium vapor is employed to highly optimize electrode task function as well as present an ion supply to make sure the electron space charge has been neutralized. Beta voltaic is a battery that generates energy from radiation and scientists have studied the battery since 1950 and regard it as a major source of nuclear energy. Day to day research is being pursued on nuclear batteries in various research institutions. Much of this task is centered on making the frontiers of these nuclear device technologies by using energy sources with the help of beta or alpha particle decay, which is based on the radioactive isotope emitted. The area of the beta voltaic, which is the most tackled by the researchers, is tritium. This is a hydrogen isotope that has a pair of neutrons and a single proton as well as electron inherent in its hydrogen form. It is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 12.32 years during which it emits beta particle that is basically an electron. This makes it more preferred over other known solutions that emit dangerous gamma radiations . There are several other advantages of tritium like its weight; it is arguably the third lightest among the existing isotopes. It also has properties and reactivity similar to those of hydrogen. Researchers are well conversant with its production path, and they are also quite aware of its hazards. A specimen of Highly-Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) that is intercalated with some lithium so as to check loading before irradiation occurs. Nuclear energy sources when controlled arent inherently dangerous. These nuclear batteries employ radioactive isotopes referred to as strontium-90. The latter improves the electrochemical power in water-based solutions. An electrode consisting of nanostructured titanium dioxide and a coating made of platinum is responsible for converting the energy or the power into electrons . The water operates as a buffer. Surface Plasmon developed in the device emerges as a useful component since it improves the batterys efficiency. The Ionic solution, however, cannot be easily frozen at minimal temperatures. It could efficiently perform in a variety of applications, for instance, car batteries. Constructing a betavoltaic device, a silicon material inside two electrodes is wedged. By the time the radiation strikes the semiconductor there is a production of electrons flow, simply referred to as voltage electricity. Unfortunately, ancient materials were less suitable for enormous stacked arrays since the volume and the mass of the battery being developed would be large. Thinner and relatively lighter collectors and emitters were required for designing an array. Of late, developments in graphene are still to be correctly integrated into the architecture of this betavoltaic. When correct integration into these thin stacked kinds of betavoltaic arrays is completed, a wider utilization and efficient performance would be experienced. It is possible that betavoltaic energy can generate more power as compared to chemical batteries. The anticipated maximum efficiency of promethium and tritium batteries is 21% and 12% respectively. Factors leading to these efficiencies are the source construction and the secondary electron discharge as well as backscattering mainly from the collector. Experimentally, it was demonstrated that the efficiency of the tritium direct charge battery model with vacuum dielectrics and collectors with secondary electron emission suppression and backscattering coating reached 5.5%. This kind of battery has an activity of curies of approximately 108. The experiment also demonstrated a voltage of 5300 volts with short circuit current of 148 nanoamperes. However, the efficiency can be doubled with a double-sided source. A promethium-147 nuclear battery has an activity of above 2.6 curies. The experiment shows it generates a voltage of 60kv. The current for the short circuit is 6.0 nano-amperes reaching an efficiency of 15%. The effect of charge accumulation in dielectrics under mono-energetic electron beam irradiation was used for developing nuclear batteries. In this battery, the charge accumulated on the surface conducts electric current through an uncharged dielectric. A nuclear battery was fabricated and tested with a tritium source; taking into consideration that a dielectric layer is wider than the range of tritium beta elements and a metal collector is without a vacuum space, this model generated 0.4 microwatts of electricity. Natural radioactivity emits radiation that generates energy. Nuclear batteries also known as atomic batteries harness the energy. The power density of the final product and the application domains depend on a material employed to generate that energy. On the other hand, the output and the potential efficiency of the battery depend on the form of conversion employed. Thermal converter, that is a radioisotope generator, utilizes the thermal energy produced by radioisotope decay to generate electricity. Methods used for this process include thermocouple heating, a recognized charge accumulation effect found in the dielectrics. The nuclear batteries developed at the Missouri University consist of a platinum-coated titanium dioxide electrode that was with. Water was also incorporated in addition to radioactive strontium-90. Sr-90 can decay radioactively with 28.79 years half-life. It generates an electron referred to as beta radiation; it also produces anti-neutrino as well as the isotope yttrium-90. This Y-90 has a half-life of 65 hours. This causes decay of additional electrons and anti-neutrinos. Stable Zirconium is also generated as a result of the decay. The wisest aspect of employing Sr-90 as a source of energy is the fact that it emits less or zero gamma radiations. Nuclear batteries are safe to handle and also very easy to use. Apart from being used in smartphones they are used extensively in health departments, for example, for cancer radiotherapy . Design concept Safety of radioactive substance is ensured by introducing an aluminum material between a human body part and the source of the rays. Thus, the safety of betavoltaic is checked in this way to avoid damage to people. One of the greatest advantages of nuclear batteries in smartphones is the fact that recharging will not be done as in the case with chemical batteries. As mentioned above, nuclear batteries with efficient packaging possess an energy density that is greater than in chemical ones. Additionally, the radioactive isotopes used to develop nuclear batteries are easily available at affordable market prices. Nuclear cells have a life span not less than ten years. This is an overwhelming term as they supply energy to equipment non-stop. Thus, the reliability and the longevity incorporated together may suffice a minor power needs for a decade. However, radiation safety standards need to be met. Incorporation of safety measures to ensure nuclear batteries are safe to handle. Devices, like smartphones batteries emit nuclear radiation that includes beta and gamma ray beams. This radiation is however kept in closed packages. Individuals worry that tritium in these batteries may diffuse due to the small size of the package and its mobility. They fear that it could diffuse through graphitic matrix, due to the complicated process of covering it . The worry for this is counterattacked by the fact that it is experimentally proven that the radiation would remain in the matrix as long as the temperatures remain below 627 degrees Celsius. The operating environment temperature that people live in is far much below this limit. The remaining challenge is the moisture. Nevertheless, the scientists are making use of a robust, hermetically fastened package. In less than three years to come, research companies, if funded adequately, will produce nuclear powered devices for general market. On this time framework, though, the researchers argue that it would depend on the regulatory framework. The addition of water was arguably the breakthrough of these batteries since that water can absorb a great amount of beta radiation since when in large quantities it can detriment to a betavoltaic semiconductor. However, beta radiation rips apart the molecules of water, generating free radicals as well as electricity. Comparative study with previous concept The cost of developing these nuclear batteries is relatively high. As for the case of most innovations, the starting cost is rather huge. However, as the innovation goes operational, these drawbacks varnish as the product is produced in bulk. Nuclear batteries for some specific applications like the size of laptop batteries may lead to some problems though it can be eliminated as time progresses; for instance the Xcel in laptops batteries is much more compared to the conventional one. Prospective commercial application of nuclear batteries in smartphones The aerospace firms would welcome smartphones recharging themselves. Oil and the gas companies are also potential commercial markets for the nuclear batteries due to their recharging factor. All these companies require some reliable energy sources in physical extremes for instant low temperatures and low pressure . The betavoltaic battery integrated into a flight data detector may signal to the searching squad for years rather than months. The odds of coming up with a commercially viable substance are reasonably perfect since the ultra-thin kind of collectors exists anyway. There is a growing global interest in the development of these thin beta-electron kinds of emitters. Applications Nuclear batteries are used widely due to their long life capability and high efficiency. This sort of innovation will undoubtedly change the current technology for the better and eliminate the power limitations brought about by chemical cells. In space applications, nuclear energy units are more significant as compared to the solar cells and the ordinary chemical batteries. Solar cells are easily destroyed when passing through radiation areas. The second reason is that the operations on planets such as Mars and the moon, where long phases of darkness need heavy batteries to provide power. Solar cells can only get energy from the sun. The third is that the missions conducted in space in an opaque atmosphere for instant on Jupiter. There is no light there, thus solar cell are useless there. The nuclear source of power would be useful in space. Nuclear batteries would also eliminate the necessity of heating electronics in areas where temperatures are -245 degrees Celsius, for instance in space. These incredible advantages would ensure the nuclear batteries will easily replace current chemical sources of power. All applications including the phones that require large powers and a high lifetime and not forgetting a definite design over density will automatically prefer the nuclear source. The other application is the use of these batteries in mobile devices. A nuclear-powered battery for a laptop or a phone can provide supply approximate 8,000 times the life of the ordinary laptop or phone battery. Nuclear brings about forgetting the tedious process of recharging and replacing batteries. A nuclear battery through research has been found that it can endure a minimum of five years. The Xcel-N has never been switched off since it started its operation. It has been working for eight months in a row, without using any external energy supply. Low energy electronics are ending up being versatile. Therefore, these kinds of batteries are nowadays becoming commercially relevant. They act as power sources for machinery that ought to function unattended for a long time, like satellites. Also, if it packed correctly, it can be applied to spaceship and pacemakers. These batteries can provide energy to a variety of objects from the tiny sensors to enormous systems. The plans of these nuclear batteries A proof-of-principle form of analysis starts with an emitter. Irradiation of the high-energy grapheme-based kind of beta emitters is necessary. When this is fully optimized, then invention and development of nuclear powered cells is quite possible. The key hurdles are experienced in the transportation of these devices and their handling. It is advisable to collaborate with Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) in developing the geometry, and in field-testing of these devices . Feasibility assessment The above-mentioned researches concerning the nuclear batteries present adequate hope in the supply of power and energy in future for devices and applications. Upon implementation of these technologies, feasibilities and credibility of devices such as smartphones will be elevated. This calls for keen observation of all standards while producing nuclear batteries so as to avoid the leakage of radioactive substances. Economic feasibility will be dictated by advantages and its applications. With a variety of features being added to these researchers, nuclear batteries will undoubtedly be one of the greatest inventions made in human history. Dose calculator Since we live in a radioactive universe where radiation is a part of the natural environment, its essential to measure the radiation dose. The unit used to measure is known as the millirem (mrem). The regarded annual dose in every person should be around 350mrems, whether it comes from a natural or a man-made source. It is nor desirable for any individual to receive more than that dose annually. Absorbed dose refers to a quantity of radiation experienced by a person in the body. The absorbed dose units are (rad) and gray (Gy). Dose equivalent adds together the radiation quantity that is absorbed with the medical effects of that radiation type. For the beta and the gamma rays found in smartphones have the same dose equivalent as the absorbed dose. The dose equivalent for these rays is much higher than those of the neutron and the alpha. This is because these types are more harmful to human body. The dose equivalent units are the roentgen man (rem) and the sievert (Sv). The biological equivalent of the dose is estimated in 1/1000th of a rem, which is known as millirem. For practical purpose, 1R (exposure) = 1rad (absorbed dose) = 1 rem or 1000mrem (dose equivalent). A measure presented as Ci shows substances radioactivity. A measure in rem or mrem indicates the energy amount that is deposited in living tissues by a radioactive substance. Nuclear energy source will replace conventional cells as well as the adaptors; hence, the future will be full of exciting innovations with new ways of powering the portable devices. Although automobiles are in the first phase of their development, it is a clear indication of how nuclear energy is being employed. It is highly promising that the nuclear cells will definitely find a niche in automobiles and issues like running out of fuel or the battery life will come to an end. Though they pose a negative effect, the advantages brought about by nuclear batteries outweigh the disadvantages. The good thing is that these demerits are controllable. In future, the world of science will continue to use electric power from indispensable radioisotope. The scientific world argues that small devices ought to use small batteries to supply them with power. The urge for extra power arises as technology improves.

Descriptive Essay Writing

Descriptive Essay Writing Descriptive Essay Writing Descriptive Essay Writing Writing an essay is the most effective way to develop writing and thinking skills. As you already know, descriptive essay writing is an integral part of educational process in any institution. The purpose of descriptive essay writing is to deepen obtained in the course theoretical knowledge and practical knowledge on the study discipline, to inculcate skills for self-study material on the selected topic, and to teach to collect, to study and to synthesize material sources. In addition, descriptive essay writing helps to expand the presentation of the students on those sections of the course that were studied. College essay should be written on the basis of carefully examined sources, collected and processed material. Essay can be a creative work on the free topic (e.g. 'What I know about political scientist profession', 'Why does political scientist need historical knowledge' ), or on any other issue. Used material must be reworked and organically linked to a student chosen topic. Topic presentation must be specific and saturated with actual data. Attention should be drawn to the language and style of essay writing. College descriptive essay must be logically linked and have logical transitions between distinct parts, and within the text. English essay content must have a single road - all paragraph should be linked, complement and enhance one another. Essay Writing Tips Obligatory requirements to the English essay writing: Presence of the personal position and ability to defend/prove it. Clarity, including terminological. Sequence of material presentation and absence of inconsistent assertions. Depth of investigation of the topic and complete disclosure. Creativity and originality of conclusions. Evidence and wealth of factual material. Clear material structure that includes obligatory presence of introduction and conclusion; Help to Write an Essay Descriptive essay structure consists of the content, introduction, the main part, the conclusion. Introduction is the structural part of the main text. It is an initial paragraph that brings the essence of essay issue. You need to formulate the relevance and importance of selected topic, the degree of your knowledge, and include the objective of writing. Conclusion is the last paragraph that summarizes the main ideas and restates thesis statement written in the introduction. The number of the used literature for descriptive English essay depends on the degree of knowledge on the topic and the raised problem. Selection of literature for college essay writing is independent work the success of which depends on the ability to use catalogs, directories and bibliographic resources. Descriptive essay writing might seem easy, however, not all students possess good writing skills. You are welcome to become the customer of and we will write custom essay for you on any topic and of any complexity!

E&J Gallo Winery study case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E&J Gallo Winery - Case Study Example this brand, company puts its marketing position at stake as a manufacturer of premium wine, while discontinuance would cause substantial losses to the company. Losses will affect profitability that is the main concern of stockholders. Since the problem is customers’ perception that Thunderbird as a low-end fortified ( LEF) wine, is of poor quality, a marketing strategy that calls for image building is called for. The perception on the product that has been created is that as a low-end fortified wine is not always the best. Perception is influenced by what customers think or feel on the product but is not always correct. A perfect example of image building is changing the brand’s packaging so that it would look expensive. Changing the packaging would be an add-on cost to the company, but image repair-building will have its benefits in the long run. A complete advertising package should be arranged on this. Advertising using endorsements of sports and movie personalities would help create a classy image of the product. Customers would feel that even it is low end fortified wine, its taste is yielding to personalities. Thunderbird, according to company’s experience is easy to sell and distribute. Customers look for it when the company once tried to stop selling it. They should maintain that while it is an LEF wine, they should assure the public that their LEF wines possess the best quality that company is proud off. It is a matter of mind-setting that low priced drink is not always

Compare between Haredim and Secular Jews in middle east Essay

Compare between Haredim and Secular Jews in middle east - Essay Example Israel’s contemporary ultra-orthodox are free descendants of the Jews who moved and lived in Eastern Europe during the nineteenth century. At this time Jewish people sparsely populated the regions of the continent for centuries, but Eastern Europe was relatively densely populated by the Jews and was actually the largest area populated by Jews in the world. In spite of being a large population, the Jews did not assimilate within non-Jewish communities. They lived in isolated and legally independent communities which were distant from other non-Jewish population. These communities were known as shtetls. Their main occupation and lifestyle in the shtetls was studying the Law of Moses (Torah), living according to its word, and practicing the Jewish faith. At this time of history also there was a strong anti-Semitic sentiment throughout Europe, therefore, shtetls protected the Jewish religion and lifestyle in addition to protecting the Jews themselves. However, life in the shtetl w as very not very easy due to its poor economy and poor educational systems. The only thing holding the Jewish people together was their heritage and religion. Their survival in the shtetl was motivated by the belief that God was with them and would lead them. Beginning in the early nineteenth century a wave of modernization and industrialization went across all Europe. This wave opened social and economic opportunities that were new to the Jews in the shtetls. This wave of modernization mainly affected the Jews who lived in Germany and Austria, as this Jews were outside the shtetls and were therefore not protected from the rest of the world. When modernization’s first effects started being felt in Europe, Christian communities outside the shtetl started approaching Jews for their potential to contribute to European economic and social revitalization. Europeans therefore played a role in the converting the Jews